Scientists are careful to point out that HV 2112 displays some chemical characteristics that don’t quite match theoretical models. The much more massive red supergiant essentially swallows the neutron star, which spirals into the core of the red supergiant. TOs are thought to be formed by the interaction of two massive stars-a red supergiant and a neutron star formed during a supernova explosion-in a close binary system. Only by absorbing a much hotter star – such as a neutron star left over from the explosive death of a more massive partner – is the production of such elements presumed to be possible. Past research has shown that normal stellar processes can create each of these elements however, high abundances of all three of these at the temperatures typical of red supergiants is a unique signature of TŻOs. 
They took a close look at the subtle lines in the spectrum they found that it contained excess rubidium, lithium and molybdenum. When the spectrum of one star, HV 2112, was analyzed the scientists were quite surprised by some of the unusual features. The astronomers were examining the spectrum of light emitted from apparent red supergiants, which tells them what elements are present. While normal red supergiants derive their energy from nuclear fusion in their cores, TOs are powered by the unusual activity of the absorbed neutron stars in their cores. First theorized in 1975 they are difficult to find in real life because of their similarity to red supergiants, it is only through detailed spectroscopy that the particular chemical signatures can be identified. A Thorne-Zytkow Object, or TZO are actually two stars in one: a binary pair where a superdense neutron star has been absorbed into its less dense supergiant. Astronomers find a new type of planet: The ‘mega-Earth’ |. If old stars can host rocky Earths too, then we have a better chance of locating potentially habitable worlds in our cosmic neighborhood. This research implies that astronomers shouldn’t rule out old stars when they search for Earth-like planets. This tells us that rocky planets could form much earlier than we thought. This process should have taken billions of years however, Kepler-10c shows that the universe was able to form such huge rocks even during the time when heavy elements were scarce. Heavier elements are created and scattered through the universe when a star goes supernova, when help create later generations of stars and planets. The early universe contained only hydrogen and helium. The Kepler-10 system is about 11 billion years old, which means it formed less than 3 billion years after the Big Bang. Planet formation theories have a difficult time explaining how such a large, rocky world that need elements like silicon and iron, could develop. It is so massive that it would have been able to hold onto an atmosphere if it ever had one. They found that it weighed 17 times as much as Earth – far more than expected, this showed that Kepler-10c must have a dense composition of rocks and other solids. The team used the HARPS-North instrument on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) in the Canary Islands to measure the mass of Kepler-10c. This suggested it fell into a category of planets known as mini-Neptunes, which have thick, gaseous envelopes. Kepler-10c was known to have a diameter 2.3 times as large as Earth. However, Kepler can’t tell whether a planet is rocky or gassy. By measuring the amount of dimming, astronomers can calculate the planet’s physical size or diameter. Kepler-10c was originally spotted by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. The system also hosts a 3-Earth-mass “lava world,” Kepler-10b, in a remarkably fast, 20-hour orbit. It is located about 560 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. is solid and much bigger than previously discovered “super-Earths,” making it a “mega-Earth.” Past theories believed such a world couldn’t form because anything so hefty would grab hydrogen gas as it grew and become a Jupiter-like gas giant. Astronomers have announced that they have discovered a new type of planet – a rocky world weighing 17 times as much as Earth. #NUCLEAR ENVELOPE FRAGMENTS MEANING TORRENT#
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